Legume–barley intercropping stimulates soil N supply and crop yield in the succeeding durum wheat in a rotation under rainfed conditions

Legume–cereal intercropping is increasingly being appreciated in dryland areas, where severe climatic conditions and intensive agricultural practices, generally dominated by continuous cereal cultivation, determine depletion of soil nutrient resources and decline of soil fertility. This research aimed to assess whether and to what extent a newly introduced legume-based intercropping system is able to ameliorate the biological fertility status of an arable soil in a way that is still noticeable during the succeeding durum wheat cropping season in terms of changes in bacterial community structure, soil C and N pools, and crop yield. A field experiment was carried out under rainfed conditions in Southern Italy on a sandy clay loam soil cultivated with durum wheat following in the rotation a recently established grain legume (pea, faba bean)–barley intercropping. Soil chemical, biochemical and eco-physiological variables together with compositional shifts in the bacterial community structure by LH-PCR fingerprinting were determined at four sampling times during the durum wheat cropping season. Soil fertility was estimated by using a revised version of the biological fertility index. Results showed that even though the microbial biomass was significantly altered, the preceding legume intercrops stimulated C-related functional variables thus leading to an increased release of mineral N, which was larger in crop treatments succeeding pea-based than faba bean-based intercropping. The increased N made available in soil enabled the succeeding durum wheat to achieve an adequate grain yield with a reduced N-fertilizer use. Soil type and environmental conditions rather than crop treatments were major determinants of bacterial community structure. The biological fertility status was not varied, suggesting that in intensively managed rainfed areas long-term crop rotations with intercropped legumes are needed to consistently ameliorate it.     

Influence of summer legume residue recycling and varietal diversification on productivity,energetics, and nutrient dynamics in basmati rice–wheat cropping system of western Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field experiment was conducted on summer mungbean residue recycling (SMBRR) and basmati rice–wheat cropping system (BRWCS) at New Delhi, India. The SMBRR enhanced the system productivity and net returns by ～19.1% and 22.1% compared to summer fallow (SF) with highest magnitude under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967. Two genotypes each in basmati rice (PB 1 and P 2511) and wheat (HD 2967 and HD 2733) responded well to SMBRR with respect to grain yield efficiency index (GYEI) ≥ 1.0. SMBRR also registered ～13.5% higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) than SF. Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage also increased by ～6.8% in 0–30 cm soil layer. The rice–wheat–summer mungbean system produced significantly highest energy efficiency compared to the rice–wheat–summer fallow system with highest values under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967 as a result of better yield expression. Overall, SMBRR with suitable genotypic sequence improved the system productivity, profitability, and nutrient dynamics in BRWCS, which are vital for long-term sustainability of this system.     

基于Lefkovitch矩阵模型的山酢浆草种群动态分析

依据林下多年生草本植物山酢浆草Oxalis griffithii的形态学特征,将其生活史划分为4个阶段,并根据3种生境下山酢浆草种群的野外调查资料建立了不同种群的Lefkovitch结构矩阵模型,在此基础上预测了山酢浆草种群的动态及其阶段结构的变化;同时,运用敏感度、贡献率指标分析了影响种群动态的关键生活史阶段。结果表明：不同生境下山酢浆草种群的动态发展趋势不尽相同,常绿阔叶林下的种群（MD）呈稳定发展状态,其他2种生境下种群表现出衰退的发展趋势;种群的动态变化过程受个体的生长、残存、萎缩和繁殖等的综合影响;不同生活史阶段对种群动态的影响差异显著,种群动态过程及其发展趋势主要受种群内较大阶段个体的影响。图2表5参19     

帽儿山天然次生林融雪径流可溶性有机碳时间动态及垂直分布

融雪期是北方地区可溶性有机碳(DOC)通过融雪径流从陆地生态系统向河流输出的关键时期,因此观测融雪径流DOC动态对分析流域碳流失至关重要。在帽儿山生态站选取东北东部典型天然次生林建立25 m×25 m的水量平衡场,测定分析2014年融雪期不同土层(5、35、65和95 cm)融雪径流DOC含量和通量的时间动态和垂直分布规律。结果表明: 1) 该融雪期土壤水量输入和输出分别为74.2和15.6 mm,径流率高达21%;融雪期DOC输出量与冬季大气输入量基本持平,分别为0.25和0.22 g/m2。2)高峰期DOC含量与其瞬时流量的相关性随土层而变。5和35 cm土层DOC含量与瞬时流量之间均无显著关系(P0.05);65 cm土层则表现出弱负对数关系(R2=0.29,P0.05),而95 cm土层呈现显著线性正相关(R2=0.43,P0.05)。不同土层DOC瞬时通量与瞬时流量之间均极显著正相关(R20.9,P0.001),且产流量越大的土层,其正相关回归方程的斜率也越大,表明水文驱动土壤DOC流失。3)融雪径流产流量和输出DOC通量大小均表现出35 cm5 cm95 cm65 cm土层趋势,其中5和35 cm土层是DOC的主要输出层,占总输出量的70%,而在融雪高峰期可高达90%。由于土壤的滞留作用,DOC含量波动范围随土层加深而向低浓度收敛。      

黔中玉米耕地土壤杂草种子库季节动态

对黔中玉米耕地土壤进行种子萌发试验,结果表明:玉米地杂草种子库共有44个物种出现,隶属16科40属。4个季节单位面积的种子萌发量Ⅰ季度8 609粒/m2>Ⅲ季度8 045粒/m2>Ⅱ季度6 491粒/m2>Ⅳ季度2 698粒/m2。狗尾草和水田碎米荠为上半年库中优势物种,下半年优势物种则为波斯婆婆纳。整体上随土壤层次的增加种子库存量相对减少,冬季活力种子萌发量最少;就物种多样性而言,种子库Shannon-W iener指数和Simpson指数均表现为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ。     

神农架地区区域景观格局时空变化分析

神农架生态环境特殊、生物多样性丰富,是中国乃至全球生物多样性重点保护地区之一。同时,作为中国中部生态旅游热点地区,神农架生物多样性保护也面临严峻的挑战。本研究通过对神农架地区2000年、2010年和2020年的landsat 5、landsat 8遥感影像数据(30 m×30 m分辨率)进行解析,获得了这3个不同时期研究区的耕地、林地、灌草地、湿地、水体和建设用地等6种不同景观类型的分布图及不同景观类型的时空动态变化特征。结果表明：在这20年内,神农架的主体景观森林得到了较好地保护,面积基本保持了动态平衡,耕地面积也基本稳定,建筑用地和水体显著增加,而灌草地则显著减少,湿地在2010～2020年也显著减少;且不同景观类型之间的变化幅度在2000～2010年要显著大于2010～2020年。因此,在未来应该注意加强对该地区灌草地及湿地的保护,并严格限制建设类项目。本研究的结果能够为神农架地区的生态系统及生物多样性保护策略的制定提供一定的参考。     

考虑陀螺效应的动力总成悬置系统分析和优化

应用陀螺力学理论，对传统动力总成悬置系统的无阻尼动力学方程进行修正，引入陀螺矩阵，得到新的动力学方程。对新的动力总成悬置系统动力学模型进行计算分析，研究了陀螺矩阵对频域、时域响应的影响。使用遗传算法分别对修改前后的方程进行优化计算，并进行比较分析。结果表明，对于低转速发动机，曲轴转动的陀螺效应不明显，而对于高转速的发动机，陀螺效应不能忽略，应以考虑陀螺力矩的方程为基础进行设计分析。     

FLUENT软件及其在植保机械方面的应用

FLUENT软件是流体力学中通用性较强的商业软件之一，由于FLUENT软件的应用，节省了大量的人力和物力。对实际应用有重大的指导作用。为此，通过简述FLUENT在植保机械方面的应用实例，提出了FLUENT在植保机械方面的发展前景。     

青藏高原不同垂穗披碱草居群营养品质季节动态比较

摘要:对青藏高原地区6个垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）居群8个不同生育期的可溶性糖(WSC)和粗蛋白质(CP)含量进行了测定。结果表明,居群间不同生育期WSC和CP含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),种源地来自青海共和县居群和甘肃临潭县居群WSC含量在整个生育期显著高于其他4个居群;CP含量甘肃玛曲县居群显著高于其他居群。整个生育期,WSC含量呈单峰曲线,初花至盛花期最高(P<0.05),初花期WSC含量最高为6.91%,最低为1.58%,CP含量整体表现为下降趋势,完熟期最低。不同居群间WSC和CP含量均表现出一定变异度,其变异系数变幅分别为36.47%～51.29%和4.76%～20.29%。相关性分析表明,WSC与CP含量呈显著负相关。     

短角幽天牛成虫林间种群动态的监测研究

以安徽省黄山风景名胜区等为试验基地,应用蛀干类害虫引诱剂,系统地研究了短角幽天牛成虫林间种群分布和种群动态规律.研究结果表明:短角幽天牛种群最高可分布于海拔1 700 m高山,高密度的分布区为海拔300m以下的低山马尾松地区;林间活动期长达150 d以上,具两个明显的峰期,主峰期为6月上、中旬,次峰期为9月.林间诱获的短角幽天牛成虫种群个体雌、雄性比为1.0:1.4.